The word comes from the latin folium, meaning leaf, and refers to the sheetlike planar structure. Foliation and lineation are two separate entities, but are often found complementing one another in the same metamorphic rocks, as you will see later. Role of structural development in sedimentation 449. Lq developed during progressive ductile deformation and was locally rotated up to 90 by this. Plotting a lineation lineations are measured using plunge azimuth. It may sound picky, but structural geologists also make. Structural geology of rocks and regions, 3rd edition wiley. These include fractures, faults, folds, boudins, shear zones, cleavages also knows as schistosities, foliations and lineations. Each layer may be as thin as a sheet of paper, or over a meter in thickness. Lecture on lineation, foliation, cleavage for structural geology. Crenulation lineation is almost always visible when crenulation cleavage is present. It introduces the physical side of geological sciences and emphasizes. Scattered data and contoured pole figures showing twin plane data. Also, planes have the alphabet modifier whereas a lineation doesnt.
Rocks that are pervaded by foliation and or lineation flowed in solid state schistosity. That the parallel lineation seen in the lower part is a result of transposition of a deformed lineation is indicated by the occurrence of apices of the folded form in some domains as in the upper part of the specimen. Wsw trending lineation probably related to the earlier high. Glg310 lineation foliation cleavage lecture youtube. Structural and lithological continuity and discontinuity in. Deformation is the change in shape, position and or volume of an object in response to applied forces. Examples of lineations are slickensides and slickenfibres on a fault surface figure 7, fold axes, mineral stretching lineation or ripple crests.
Nov 18, 2019 foliation and lineation are two separate entities, but are often found complementing one another in the same metamorphic rocks, as you will see later. Plunging fold axis layers will be curved in map view vi. Structural geology jeo252e the structural geology course will involve one hour lecturers and two hour practicals. Journal of structural geology 33 2011 1650e1661 1651. Geological background, rock mechanics significance, and preliminary investigations at olkiluoto abstract a well developed, pervasive foliation is a characteristic feature of the migmatites and gneisses in the olkiluoto bedrock, and is expected to have a significant influence on the. Foliation and lineation 1 foliation and lineation goal to interpret some common types of foliation and lineation in deformed rocks 2 foliation mesoscopically penetrative subparallel alignment of planar fabric elements in a rock.
Deformation of rocks geology 200 geology for environmental scientists. Lineationxwasdeterminedbythe shape preferred orientation of all grains on foliation panozzo, 1984. A tectonite is a rock that possess a penetrative fabric consisting of cleavage, foliation andor lineation. In geology, repeating layers of this rock are called foliation. Lstectonite a strong foliation and a strong lineation. Sl slip lineation, fa fold axis 4 planes and 2 lineation are recorded above. Introduction to structural geology primary rock structures introduction to brittle fracturing fracture mechanics introduction to faulting faulting part 2. Structural geology lineation and foliation slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Introduction to structural geology structural geology. Origin of striping lineation and transposition of linear. As nouns the difference between lineation and foliation is that lineation is geology a linear feature in rock, often structural while foliation is lb the process of forming into a leaf or leaves. Horizontal fold axis layers will be straight in map view b.
Penn states structural geology class notes instructor. Lineations in structural geology are linear structural features within rocks. Of m, then f is called a smooth foliation of class c it then followe that the leaf manifold l possesses a unique c smoothnese structure so that f is a c immersion. Discuss with examples the difference between foliation and lineation rock fabric. Santanu teaches structural geology and leads the experimental rock deformation laboratory in iit kanpur. Extreme ductile shearing in shear zones tends to reduce the grain size of mineral grains, while stretching the original grains out into domains of extreme dimensions, and also producing strong. There is no or only weak lineation ltectonite alignment of linear fabric elements creates the dominant fabric, so the rock may split into rodlike shapes. Introduction to structural geology and lecture notes. Combines mineral shapepreferred orientation and compositional banding. This wilkerson diagram contains illustrations of rock behavior when a a foliation is present, b a lineation is present, and c when the rock contains a combination of the two, wilkerson. He is also a dst swarnajayanti fellow, pk kelkar research fellow and insa young scientist.
Thin sections were made in 3 orthogonal planes xz, xy, and yz where z is the direction normal to foliation and. Foliation, planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock type but particularly that resulting from the alignment of constituent mineral grains of a metamorphic rock of the regional variety along straight or wavy planes. It is caused by shearing forces pressures pushing different sections of the rock in different directions, or differential. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Foliation in geology refers to repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks. Glg310 lineation foliation cleavage lecture duration. Similarly one can define the concept of a piecewiselinear foliation, or a real analytic foliation, or a complex analytic foliation.
Graphics unless otherwise credited are from the davis, reynolds, and kluth textbook. Most such foliations and lineations are secondary in origin, although. Notice how the planes have a threedigittwodigit format and the lineation have a twodigitthreedigit format. As part of the course a day field trip to the catalca region will be organized. Foliation and lineation lecture 12 impact tectonics. Foliation and cleavage chapter 12 structural geology. Introduction to structural geology structural geology is the study of how rocks deform and the processes of deformation. The dip of a lineation as measured from the horizontal. E406 structural geology lab western oregon university. The lineation corresponds to the direction of maximum stretching x whitin the foliation plane xy. It is very important that the students attend all the lecturers and practicals. The foliation of the rock specimens was determined by the compositional layering of orthopyroxene and olivinewiththevariableratios. With a colored pencil, draw a series of lines throughout the folded layers depicting the likely orientation of axial plane cleavage, if developed. It is the branch of geology that studies the 3d geometry from micro to macro scale of rocks to explain the deformation processes the rocks experienced since their origination.
Lineation return to linear structures can be sedimentary e. Aug 12, 2017 structural geology lineation and foliation slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. It is closely related to the concept of strain the permanent change in shape in 1d, 2d or. A modeling method that takes into account known points on a geological interface and plane orientation data such as stratification or foliation planes is described and tested. Ppt foliation and lineation powerpoint presentation free. Geological background, rock mechanics significance. Aug 12, 2014 glg310 lineation foliation cleavage lecture duration. There are several types of lineations, intersection lineations, crenulation lineations, mineral lineations and stretching lineations being the most common. Mineral elongation lineations and foliation intersection lineations are locally discernible and are generally subparallel to lq. Structural geology deals with the geometric relationships of rocks and geologic features in general. The scope of structural geology is vast, ranging in size from submicroscopic lattice defects in crystals to mountain belts and plate boundaries. The pictures show how a schistosity fabric looks like on outcrop scale bottom left, on a large thin section top right, scale. G park in pdf from our web site geoshare download it by click the download button.
Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free presentations research about lineation ppt. Santanu misra is a professor of structural geology in the department of earth sciences of indian institute of technology, kanpur. Foliation is a general term for a planar arrangement of smallscale textural, crystallo graphic andor structural features a planar fabric in any type of rock. Normalreversestrike slip folds and ductile deformation rock fabric, foliation, lineation stress strain rheology. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Also called primary structures which formed without the influence of any tectonic forces. Distinguish foliation in geology refers to repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks. View and download powerpoint presentations on lineation ppt. A lineation may be a primary igneous or sedimentary fabric element, such as an array of elongate kfeldspar. Through this lesson, you will learn about the process of foliation and its different types. Draw a 2d diagram of an upright, nonplunging antiformal structure with several layers. Noun geology a linear feature in rock, often structural. Pages of this book is similar to foliation in geology and lines to lineations. Structural geology is particularly concerned with lineations produced by deformation. Foliation is exhibited most prominently by sheety minerals. Each layer can be as thin as a sheet of paper, or over a meter in thickness. Terry engelder department of geosciences 336 deike building the pennsylvania state university university park, pennsylvania 16802 phone.
Lq developed during progressive ductile deformation and was locally rotated up to. Plane dip and strike, lineation plunge and trend, structural. Introduction to structural geology school of earth and. Lineation field measurements are recorded as map lines with a plunge angle and azimuth. Lineations due to ductile deformation lay on foliation planes and are. A l s o c a l l e d s e c o n d a r y structures which formed due to tectonic movements and activities. Glg310 structural geology cleavage, foliation, lineation rock fabric. Deformation is the change in shape, position andor volume of an object in response to applied forces. If bedding and foliation dip in the same direction with the foliation dipping steeper than bedding the beds are probably pertaining to a normal limb. The orientations data do not necessarily belong to one of the interfaces but are assumed to sample the main anisotropy of a geological formation as in current geological situations.